COW FARMING

Introduction

· Important aspects to be considered in dairy production operations.

· Recommended Women in Sri Lanka

· Housing for dairy cows

· Cattle breeding and conception

· Cattle breeding

· Animal feed

· Feeding systems of cows

· Cattle diseases and treatment

1 Why focus on dairy farming?

Sri Lanka is one of the developing countries in South Asia

Malnutrition is a major challenge for the rapid development of developing countries. In Sri Lanka, a significant number of children suffer from malnutrition.

An alternative measure for this is to increase production of milk and milk products by upgradation of the dairy industry. Although Sri Lanka has excellent resources for this industry, its underachievement is a matter of regret, considering the question of milk and milk products, steps should be taken to promote the industry within the country.

Day by day increasing price of Palma and high demand for cow's milk among Sri Lankan people and the availability of facilities to start this as a cottage industry and stopping the dairy industry is a suitable direction for the national economy as well as the national agriculture sector. The increase has to be done very quickly

2 Dairy farming is seen as a profitable business

Important aspects to be considered in dairy production operations

1. They should set up cow sheds in their area in a manner suitable for the rearing system.

· Frequent infections

· Milk becomes contaminated

· Food is wasted

· Will be affected by external factors

2. Animals must be reared using appropriate husbandry practices and not under standard care

· Cost of production will increase

· Profits will decrease

3. Daily balanced feed should be given according to the needs of dairy cows due to poor feed quality

· The growth of the animal will be stunted

· Productivity will decrease

· Fertility will decrease

4. To practice physical health, we should carry out daily disease relief work because of frequent illness as the animals get weaker, the production efficiency decreases

· Death rate will increase

· Spend on luxury

5. To introduce marketing methods for the dairy industry

· Valuable cow with high milk yield

· A large number through potential reproductive efficiency calves

· Low mortality rate

· Well-developed healthy animals

· Cows with longer reproductive lifespan

· Animals with immunity

· Potential milk and meat production

· Ways of additional income related to animal husbandry

· Recommended Women in Sri Lanka

· Cattle breeds and their characteristics

· Mainly all women in the world

According to this, cows in Sri Lanka

1. As the Indian species politicos

2. The European species is also classified as Bos’s torus

Characteristics of Cattle Breeds in Sri Lanka

The body is found to be able to withstand the heat cycle

Thick skin and shiny short fur

It has a radius and lake under the neck to control the heat

History of Cows

Animal husbandry in Sri Lanka is thousands of years old. BC Archeological records and references to animal husbandry dating back 400 years have been found. Naturally in Sri Lanka local breed of cattle [Sri Lankan/Lanka/ Sinhala cattle]. 2) There are [Sri Lankan buffalo]. Their milk yield is less than one liter. [Before independence, some British officials had brought some types of high-quality cows for their milk needs and raised them in the highlands with workers. These cows were shipped from the port of Cape Town, South Africa, their colony, so they were called "Cape cows" and eventually similar cows are called Cape cows. (They were largely destroyed due to unorganized husbandry.) After Sri Lanka gained independence in 1948, many types of foreign cattle and their semen were introduced and several purebred breeds were created, notably the Sahiwal, Red Sindhi cows from India and the European varieties Jersey, Presian, Aisyar.

Keer cow

This breed of cow is also known by Desan Gujarati Kathiawari names like Sorthi and Surathi

Its skin is white with dark red or chocolate brown patches and sometimes black or red all over.

The horns are curved and shaped like a crescent moon

The average age at first calving is 45-54 months and the calving interval is 515-600 days.

Red think

The breed is also known as Red Karachi and Sindhi

They are red in color and their body is dark red to pale red with white stripes

The age at first calving is 39-50 months and the average calving interval is 425-540 days.

Sahiwal

Sahiwal Matina appeared in Pakistan

This morning is also known as Lola Lamba Multani Deli

Their skin is reddish-brown or reddish-brown in color, sometimes with white spots

Their milking period is 300 days

Dharparkar

These originated in Pakistan

These are called white sandhi gray sandhi their

These females are white skinned and pale gray in color

Cows of these breeds are used for high milk production

The age at first calving is 38-42 months and the average calving interval is 430-460 days.

Jersey

This is a small matinee that originated on the island of Jersey in England

They are suitable for Sri Lanka's hot conditions

These cows are reddish brown in color

Milk from these cows contains 5.3 fat and 15 other solid nutrients

Hybrid jersey

Jersey crossbred cows are created when unclassified domestic cattle breeds are inseminated with Jersey breed semen.

Jersey crossbred cows are suitable for the plains of our country

Jersey crossbred cows have 2-3 times higher milk production capacity compared to domestic breeds.

Housing for dairy cows

The need for cattle rearing

While providing stables for cows

Animals can be well protected during adverse environmental conditions

Can provide animal food and water

It can prevent wastage of grass and feed

Can prevent infection in animals

Milk can be mixed with other impurities to produce pure milk

Animals can be observed at their best

Since food and water are provided inside the barn, the animals do not need to move around, so that the food ingested by the animal can be used for production.

Waste materials like dung and urine can be combined and used in a beneficial way

Animals can roam freely and cause damage to crops

Traits that should be present in an ideal cow farm

The stable should have healthy facilities for the animals

There should be enough space for animals to rest

The animal should have easy access to food and water

The stable should be set up in a way that is easy for those who work in the stable daily

Animals must be distinguishable from one another

It is probably impossible to have animals of the same level of fatness but the stables should be adapted to accommodate animals of different fatness levels.

The drainage system should be designed so that dung and urine do not fall into the animal resting area

Types of Cattle Farming

• According to the climatic zone there are two types of cowsheds

Open Cowshed/Pasture Shed

Enclosed Cowshed/ Animal Shed

Open cowshed

There are no walls in this temple

Open cowshed with cement or timber

Can be designed

The land should be concreted and laid in a proper manner

The roof should be covered with wood and thatch or tin

Enclosed cowshed

A half or three-quarter wall can be built in these sheds

The building will be constructed of cement

Animals should be arranged in single or double rows

How to choose the best place to set up a cowshed

· Well sunlit and well ventilated

· How to choose the best place to set up a cowshed

· Select a well-ventilated and sunny location

· The soil should be well-drained and not buried

· The land must be under the supervision of the farmer

· It should be a place where factors that affect the environment and society are minimal

· There should be a place where the waste from the stable can be easily removed

· Must be flexible enough to accommodate increasing numbers of animals

Procedures for setting up a cow shed

1. Selection of the required place for setting up the stable

2. Preparation of plan for site layout

3. Laying foundation as per plan

4. Construction of eaves or walls

5. Setting up the food water vessel

6. Laying of drainage

7. Roofing

8. Setting barriers between animals

Materials required for site construction

Blackstone 1/2 cube

Sand 1/2 cube

Cement 4 sides

Small stones 1/2 cube

Setting up the site

At the selected place, prepare the site of specific size and lay black stone 7-8 inches thick on top of it and 7cm on top of it.

Apply concrete in the ratio of cement sand 3/4 metal 1:3:3 for thickness.

Construction of rest area and toilets

A resting place

The floor should be made with ramps to prevent animals from slipping

The rest floor should be constructed with a 1.5% slope towards the drain

1.3cm wide lines should be drawn as shown in the figure for water drainage at resting site

A 10cm wide area in front of the resting platform should be reserved for setting up water supply

Sewerage

The depth of drainage should be 8cm

The foundation should be made of black stone

Both sides of the drain should be made of brick or black stone and the finishing work should be completed in a suitable manner

Drainage should have a 1% slope.

Lack of access to clean drinking water (03)

Cattle's body and the milk it produces are high in water [87-88 %). Water is essential for many bodily functions of animals, for proper functioning of organs and milk production. Continuous supply of water is mandatory. Most livestock in Sri Lanka do not have access to clean water. Especially the cows that go to pasture graze without water for the entire time. As a result, substantial production is not achieved and cows are also affected. Water is hard to come by in the dry zone of Sri Lanka during the dry season. These days the quality of the grass is also reduced. This results in negative effects on milk production and physical activity of the animals. This has been confirmed in many studies conducted in Sri Lanka. Also. Many diseases are caused due to unhygienic use of water vessels. To avoid this, clean water should be provided continuously.

Setting up a water tank

The feeding bowl set up for feeding the animal should be 3/4 width of the intake area

Necessary materials

A potable water vessel

25(1) pvc 5 (length 01m) 4m

Wall valve å forshap socket

25mm pvc T socket

25mm end cap

Method of measuring water

Place 25 mm pvc pipe lengthwise leaving 10cm width in front of the resting platform.

A bowl so that both animals can drink water at the same time

Cut 25m pvc pipe to required size for installation please

25 Aa of two holes in the slot and Fit a 25 double-hole and a 12.5 A hole pipe in the hole and fit a 12.5 A pipe cut to a length of 5 A in the 12.5 A hole.

Construction of storage tank for water supply

This tank can be placed on the rest floor or on the food platform and it is enough to measure 45 30 30 (length width height).

25 mm pvc pipe end leading to water supply platform below this

Fit the valve as if connecting the main water supply pipe to the tank Provision of stables for calves

When the calf is reared in the stable for at least 2-3 months after birth i.e. until it is weaned

Able to obtain healthy well-developed calves

Calves can be fed a mixture of feed water and animal fats as they can get them

Daily monitoring of calves can help prevent diseases such as pneumonia and early onset of disease.

It can also be prevented from the effects of adverse weather conditions such as burglary

Calves can be protected from adverse weather conditions and thieves

Comfort of the calf

0.75cm (8 sq. ft.) per individual cage up to month

1.5 cm (15 sq ft) per embryo for 1-2 months.

2.8 cm (30 sq ft) per embryo for 2-3 months.

Always in calf

A dry grass hay rack should be set up

Availability of clean water supply

Always have space to place fertilizer mix or fertilizer

Calves should have straw or wooden planks as bedding

Always keep the calf dry and clean

Cultivation of fodder grass

Generally, during the gatherings of cattle breeders, the most important problem they say is about the problem of grazing lands where there are grasses (Grazing lands). Due to the decrease in the amount of natural grazing lands, there is a lack of food for the animals that are raised traditionally. Due to the low price and low profit, many people are behind in doing this work. It can be observed that the young generation of the families who reared the cows have switched to other industries. In many areas, the cows are still sold. Providing subsidies, providing grass cutters, providing water pumping facilities, helping understanding to make pickled grass, providing training] these efforts have not been successful to some extent due to the lack of people's involvement and the reasons I mentioned above.

Sri Lanka's large dairy farmers and upland plantation workers are unable to provide quality food due to insufficient land to raise and feed their livestock. This means that their cattle are not able to show their peak production. (They can produce even more if there is enough land)

Breed him grass suitable for feeding dairy cows and other fiber foods

The alimentary canal of the herbivorous dairy cow is well adapted to the absorption of dietary fiber. Thus, provision of grass, cow dung and cow dung is very important in dairy cow nutrition. Although these foods are not suitable for humans, they are digested very quickly for animals and provide high milk production.

Fiber foods that can be fed to cows

Naturally growing grasses and small plants

A wave of naturally growing trees

Upgraded grass and sedge plants

His crops and his plants

Different crop residues

· straw

· Corn crop waste

· Sugarcane crop waste

Effluents discharged by juice factories

Selection and practice of the best grass and breed

Select grass and breed to perform the action How to do?

He should be considered while choosing the breed Features

Climate of the territory

Availability of rainfall is a very important factor in seasonal rain dependent crops. Grasses recommended for high light wetlands can be grown if irrigated.

The soil (characteristic) of an area of the earth

Naturally occurring soil types are believed to be saline, highly saline, silty, sandy, and rich loam soils. In which fertile loam soil is suitable for agricultural activities.

For example: Wet zone and dry zone are common soils.

Earth shadow

If shade is provided by tall trees, shade tolerant grasses should be selected

Can it be intercropped with other crops?

A mulch should be selected that does not compete with water and soil nutrients for the main crop and also tolerates shade from the main crop.

Space available for grass

If the space available for grazing is very small, select only high-yielding cut grass.

To send animals to pasture or to cut and feed grass

If animals are sent out to graze they should be fed short-grass grass that can withstand grazing.

Farmer's Choice

If animals are to be grazed, a large area of grazing land is required or labor is difficult to cut.High-quality pasture grass, which is a non-elevating forage grass used for grazing, can support only one medium-yielding cow per acre. 4.5 acres with 5 cows

Yield of mowed grass

Normally 10 cows can be reared on one acre of grass but proper tossing measures should be followed.

Quality cutting

Pruning at the right time

Irrigation Fertilization

Major forage grasses

natural grass

Upgraded grass

According to the climate of Sri Lanka, there is high rainfall during most of the year, high temperature and high sunshine, this natural grass is an excellent resource available to us as animal feed.

What are the benefits of natural grass?

Cultivating time is not necessarily wage and money

Fertilization and fertilization due to the mixture of many grasses etc. are available in combination

It works smoothly

Disadvantages of Natural Grass

Repeated planting of the same spot for long periods of time will reduce yield

Lack of care leads to over-maturity and undernutrition

Advantages of graded grass

Water and fertilizer at the right time will increase the nutrition and yield of crops like crops It is easy to graze or cut due to disciplined cultivation

No adverse effects

Disadvantages of graded grass

Land should be allotted for doing the work

Agricultural waste and commercial animal feed

In addition to grasses, agricultural wastes such as straw, sugarcane stalks, sorghum, pulses and vines of chickpea crops and their residues, household food wastes provide food. Agricultural products like bran, oil residues like punnaku, sugarcane bagasse. Commercial feed is widely available in the market in recent times along with distillery waste etc. Some large and medium-sized feed processing plants are found in Sri Lanka, while local farmers also produce concentrates according to their capacity. Due to increase in the price of commercial feed and decrease in the price of milk, farmers are providing very little commercial feed to their livestock.

Many raw materials like soy, fish meal, corn are imported while bran, corn. Some ingredients like punnaku are sourced locally. Animal feed sector is facing competition due to use of products like bran and gunk in chicken (mostly) and pig feed and export of quality products to foreign countries.

affecting the sector. The Sri Lankan government has banned the import of corn from 2020 to boost local production.

The government has also banned the use of rice for animal feed to prevent traders from hoarding rice meant for human consumption as animal feed. An increase in import duty on many raw materials has resulted in the production of locally produced maize. Land shortage. The sector is facing massive challenges today due to the economic and trade tensions following the Covid pandemic, while being unable to meet the full demand due to environmental protests related to deforestation and recent army worm infestation. In this situation, the import of corn and soya for animal feed has decreased significantly due to the decrease in dollar reserves and the price of animal feed has increased sharply. This has increased the production cost of milk and reduced the profit from milk. Also, substitutes such as soya in Sri Lanka are of lower quality and lower production.

Use of straw as fodder

As Sri Lanka is an agricultural country, hay is abundantly available. However, most of the hay is used as fertilizer and very little is used as animal feed. In recent times, due to the machinery used in agricultural harvesting, the straw has been degraded and wasted in an inedible way for animals. Most cows do not like machine-harvested hay. Relatively low hay feed

Use of straw as fodder

As an agricultural country, Sri Lanka has an abundant supply of hay, but most of the hay is used as fertilizer and very little is used as animal feed. In recent times, due to the machinery used in agricultural harvesting, the straw has been degraded and wasted in an inedible way for animals. Most cows do not like machine-harvested hay. Hay is relatively low in nutrients. Hay is fed directly by farmers who feed it. Many people don't do it even though they can get more nutrients if they are fed through urea concentration. Urea itself is difficult to obtain at present.) Well-managed CO3 fodder grass

Grass species introduced in Sri Lanka

(Type A- panicum maximum]

This variety was introduced around 1820 and is widely seen in many places. Moderately effective. [CP-7.5%, ME 6.8MJJ.

Hybrid Napier/CO3/CO4 [penisetum purpureum penisitum americans)

An improved grass variety developed by Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Agricultural University was introduced in Sri Lanka in 1999. More protein. Widely preferred due to high productivity, resistance to diseases and pests, high appetite by animals, improved varieties such as CO-5 [super napier] are now available. In addition to these, brachiaria grass and Azolla moss are used in animal husbandry. Recently, many more nutritious grass varieties have been developed and used. Also, high protein woody plants such as Clericidia and Ibil Ibil are used in animal husbandry.

Modern feeding techniques and prospects

In addition to these, TMR (Total mixed ration) is now being introduced in large farms to mix grass and concentrated feed in proper proportions. It can also be practiced by small and medium farmers.

In recent times, hydroponics and soilless fodder cultivation are being practiced in many farms by making silage and using it during dry season. Picklegrass and hydroponics systems can be used as a profitable business to grow fodder crops and sell them to farmers who need them. Government and many other organizations also provide grants for this. They also provide technical knowledge. There are also small and medium scale commercial animal feed mills and several assistance schemes. If the farmers and traders consider these things then great progress can be seen in this sector. In the future, commercial production of hay for dairy cows will become a huge industry rather than a dairy farm. Not only for domestic demand but also for export. Countries like China and Saudi Arabia run their dairy industry by importing highly processed grasses. Instead of relying on foreign countries for everything, we can produce in our own country and avoid loss of foreign exchange and we can also be self-sufficient. You can also export and earn income

Cattle Diseases and Treatments

Introduction to diseases and infections

When the physical and physiological functions of a normal animal are abnormally different, it is recognized as a disease.

Cleanliness: Prevents disease and leads to better production which leads to reduction of unnecessary wastage of money and increase of profit.

Cattle health maintenance and disease control

Animals getting sick

· feeding

· Maintenance

· Inadequate implementation of disease relief methods

Causes of disease in animals

· Contaminated stables Contaminated environment Contaminated equipment Improper food and contaminated drinking water etc

· By external parasitism such as ticks, lice, fleas and ticks

· By internal parasites such as worms and tapeworms

· Due to unbalanced diet

COW FARMING

COW FARMING

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